Click the play button to animate the chart over the years.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Country Year Value
Argentina 2008 0.47
Argentina 2009 0.58
Argentina 2010 0.56
Argentina 2011 0.57
Argentina 2012 0.63
Argentina 2013 0.62
Argentina 2014 0.59
Armenia 2008 0.22
Armenia 2009 0.29
Armenia 2010 0.24
Armenia 2011 0.27
Armenia 2012 0.24
Armenia 2013 0.22
Armenia 2014 0.24
Austria 2008 2.57
Austria 2009 2.60
Austria 2010 2.73
Austria 2011 2.67
Austria 2012 2.91
Austria 2013 2.95
Austria 2014 3.08
Azerbaijan 2008 0.17
Azerbaijan 2009 0.25
Azerbaijan 2010 0.22
Azerbaijan 2011 0.21
Azerbaijan 2012 0.21
Azerbaijan 2013 0.21
Azerbaijan 2014 0.21
Belgium 2008 1.92
Belgium 2009 1.99
Belgium 2010 2.05
Belgium 2011 2.16
Belgium 2012 2.27
Belgium 2013 2.33
Belgium 2014 2.39
Bulgaria 2008 0.45
Bulgaria 2009 0.49
Bulgaria 2010 0.56
Bulgaria 2011 0.53
Bulgaria 2012 0.60
Bulgaria 2013 0.64
Bulgaria 2014 0.79
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008 0.02
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2009 0.02
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2010 0.00
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 0.00
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2012 0.27
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 0.32
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014 0.26
Belarus 2008 0.74
Belarus 2009 0.62
Belarus 2010 0.65
Belarus 2011 0.68
Belarus 2012 0.65
Belarus 2013 0.65
Belarus 2014 0.51
Bermuda 2008 0.19
Bermuda 2009 0.20
Bermuda 2010 0.20
Bermuda 2011 0.29
Bermuda 2012 0.27
Bermuda 2013 0.22
Bermuda 2014 0.22
Brazil 2008 1.13
Brazil 2009 1.12
Brazil 2010 1.16
Brazil 2011 1.14
Brazil 2012 1.13
Brazil 2013 1.20
Brazil 2014 1.27
Canada 2008 1.86
Canada 2009 1.92
Canada 2010 1.83
Canada 2011 1.79
Canada 2012 1.78
Canada 2013 1.71
Canada 2014 1.72
Central Europe and the Baltics 2008 0.78
Central Europe and the Baltics 2009 0.83
Central Europe and the Baltics 2010 0.88
Central Europe and the Baltics 2011 0.96
Central Europe and the Baltics 2012 1.06
Central Europe and the Baltics 2013 1.06
Central Europe and the Baltics 2014 1.09
Chile 2008 0.37
Chile 2009 0.35
Chile 2010 0.33
Chile 2011 0.35
Chile 2012 0.36
Chile 2013 0.39
Chile 2014 0.38
China 2008 1.45
China 2009 1.66
China 2010 1.71
China 2011 1.78
China 2012 1.91
China 2013 2.00
China 2014 2.03
Colombia 2008 0.20
Colombia 2009 0.20
Colombia 2010 0.20
Colombia 2011 0.21
Colombia 2012 0.23
Colombia 2013 0.27
Colombia 2014 0.31
Costa Rica 2008 0.39
Costa Rica 2009 0.52
Costa Rica 2010 0.48
Costa Rica 2011 0.47
Costa Rica 2012 0.56
Costa Rica 2013 0.56
Costa Rica 2014 0.57
Cuba 2008 0.50
Cuba 2009 0.61
Cuba 2010 0.61
Cuba 2011 0.27
Cuba 2012 0.41
Cuba 2013 0.47
Cuba 2014 0.42
Cyprus 2008 0.39
Cyprus 2009 0.44
Cyprus 2010 0.45
Cyprus 2011 0.46
Cyprus 2012 0.44
Cyprus 2013 0.48
Cyprus 2014 0.51
Czech Republic 2008 1.24
Czech Republic 2009 1.29
Czech Republic 2010 1.34
Czech Republic 2011 1.56
Czech Republic 2012 1.78
Czech Republic 2013 1.90
Czech Republic 2014 1.97
Germany 2008 2.60
Germany 2009 2.73
Germany 2010 2.71
Germany 2011 2.80
Germany 2012 2.87
Germany 2013 2.82
Germany 2014 2.87
Denmark 2008 2.77
Denmark 2009 3.06
Denmark 2010 2.92
Denmark 2011 2.94
Denmark 2012 2.98
Denmark 2013 2.97
Denmark 2014 2.91
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2008 1.34
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2009 1.40
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2010 1.68
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2011 1.62
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2012 1.88
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2013 1.72
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 2014 1.95
Early-demographic dividend 2008 0.70
Early-demographic dividend 2009 0.63
Early-demographic dividend 2010 0.74
Early-demographic dividend 2011 0.75
Early-demographic dividend 2012 0.00
Early-demographic dividend 2013 0.62
Early-demographic dividend 2014 0.00
East Asia & Pacific 2008 2.37
East Asia & Pacific 2009 2.27
East Asia & Pacific 2010 2.42
East Asia & Pacific 2011 2.35
East Asia & Pacific 2012 2.50
East Asia & Pacific 2013 2.30
East Asia & Pacific 2014 2.50
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2008 0.82
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2009 0.93
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2010 0.88
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2011 0.83
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2012 0.85
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2013 0.83
Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 2014 0.85
Europe & Central Asia 2008 1.72
Europe & Central Asia 2009 1.81
Europe & Central Asia 2010 1.78
Europe & Central Asia 2011 1.78
Europe & Central Asia 2012 1.84
Europe & Central Asia 2013 1.80
Europe & Central Asia 2014 1.84
Ecuador 2008 0.23
Ecuador 2009 0.39
Ecuador 2010 0.40
Ecuador 2011 0.34
Ecuador 2012 0.33
Ecuador 2013 0.38
Ecuador 2014 0.44
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2008 0.27
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2009 0.43
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2010 0.43
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2011 0.53
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2012 0.51
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2013 0.64
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2014 0.64
Euro area 2008 1.89
Euro area 2009 1.98
Euro area 2010 1.99
Euro area 2011 2.04
Euro area 2012 2.10
Euro area 2013 2.10
Euro area 2014 2.13
Spain 2008 1.32
Spain 2009 1.35
Spain 2010 1.35
Spain 2011 1.33
Spain 2012 1.29
Spain 2013 1.27
Spain 2014 1.24
Estonia 2008 1.26
Estonia 2009 1.40
Estonia 2010 1.58
Estonia 2011 2.31
Estonia 2012 2.12
Estonia 2013 1.72
Estonia 2014 1.43
European Union 2008 1.83
European Union 2009 1.93
European Union 2010 1.92
European Union 2011 1.97
European Union 2012 2.00
European Union 2013 2.01
European Union 2014 2.03
Finland 2008 3.55
Finland 2009 3.75
Finland 2010 3.73
Finland 2011 3.64
Finland 2012 3.42
Finland 2013 3.29
Finland 2014 3.17
France 2008 2.06
France 2009 2.21
France 2010 2.18
France 2011 2.19
France 2012 2.23
France 2013 2.24
France 2014 2.28
United Kingdom 2008 1.62
United Kingdom 2009 1.68
United Kingdom 2010 1.66
United Kingdom 2011 1.66
United Kingdom 2012 1.59
United Kingdom 2013 1.64
United Kingdom 2014 1.66
Greece 2008 0.66
Greece 2009 0.63
Greece 2010 0.60
Greece 2011 0.67
Greece 2012 0.70
Greece 2013 0.81
Greece 2014 0.83
Guatemala 2008 0.06
Guatemala 2009 0.06
Guatemala 2010 0.04
Guatemala 2011 0.05
Guatemala 2012 0.04
Guatemala 2013 0.04
Guatemala 2014 0.03
High income 2008 2.34
High income 2009 2.41
High income 2010 2.39
High income 2011 2.40
High income 2012 2.42
High income 2013 2.41
High income 2014 2.46
Hong Kong SAR, China 2008 0.72
Hong Kong SAR, China 2009 0.77
Hong Kong SAR, China 2010 0.75
Hong Kong SAR, China 2011 0.72
Hong Kong SAR, China 2012 0.73
Hong Kong SAR, China 2013 0.73
Hong Kong SAR, China 2014 0.74
Croatia 2008 0.88
Croatia 2009 0.84
Croatia 2010 0.74
Croatia 2011 0.75
Croatia 2012 0.75
Croatia 2013 0.81
Croatia 2014 0.78
Hungary 2008 0.98
Hungary 2009 1.13
Hungary 2010 1.14
Hungary 2011 1.19
Hungary 2012 1.26
Hungary 2013 1.39
Hungary 2014 1.35
IBRD only 2008 0.94
IBRD only 2009 1.02
IBRD only 2010 1.09
IBRD only 2011 1.11
IBRD only 2012 1.24
IBRD only 2013 1.23
IBRD only 2014 1.36
IDA & IBRD total 2008 0.93
IDA & IBRD total 2009 1.01
IDA & IBRD total 2010 1.08
IDA & IBRD total 2011 1.10
IDA & IBRD total 2012 1.23
IDA & IBRD total 2013 1.21
IDA & IBRD total 2014 1.35
Ireland 2008 1.39
Ireland 2009 1.61
Ireland 2010 1.59
Ireland 2011 1.56
Ireland 2012 1.56
Ireland 2013 1.57
Ireland 2014 1.50
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2008 0.65
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2009 0.27
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2010 0.26
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2011 0.00
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2012 0.32
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2013 0.25
Iran, Islamic Rep. 2014 0.00
Iraq 2008 0.03
Iraq 2009 0.05
Iraq 2010 0.04
Iraq 2011 0.03
Iraq 2012 0.00
Iraq 2013 0.00
Iraq 2014 0.04
Iceland 2008 2.49
Iceland 2009 2.60
Iceland 2010 0.00
Iceland 2011 2.41
Iceland 2012 0.00
Iceland 2013 1.70
Iceland 2014 1.95
Israel 2008 4.35
Israel 2009 4.13
Israel 2010 3.94
Israel 2011 4.01
Israel 2012 4.16
Israel 2013 4.07
Israel 2014 4.18
Italy 2008 1.16
Italy 2009 1.22
Italy 2010 1.22
Italy 2011 1.21
Italy 2012 1.27
Italy 2013 1.31
Italy 2014 1.34
Japan 2008 3.34
Japan 2009 3.23
Japan 2010 3.14
Japan 2011 3.24
Japan 2012 3.21
Japan 2013 3.31
Japan 2014 3.40
Kazakhstan 2008 0.22
Kazakhstan 2009 0.23
Kazakhstan 2010 0.15
Kazakhstan 2011 0.15
Kazakhstan 2012 0.17
Kazakhstan 2013 0.17
Kazakhstan 2014 0.17
Kyrgyz Republic 2008 0.19
Kyrgyz Republic 2009 0.16
Kyrgyz Republic 2010 0.16
Kyrgyz Republic 2011 0.16
Kyrgyz Republic 2012 0.17
Kyrgyz Republic 2013 0.15
Kyrgyz Republic 2014 0.13
Korea, Rep. 2008 3.12
Korea, Rep. 2009 3.29
Korea, Rep. 2010 3.47
Korea, Rep. 2011 3.74
Korea, Rep. 2012 4.03
Korea, Rep. 2013 4.15
Korea, Rep. 2014 4.29
Kuwait 2008 0.09
Kuwait 2009 0.11
Kuwait 2010 0.10
Kuwait 2011 0.10
Kuwait 2012 0.10
Kuwait 2013 0.30
Kuwait 2014 0.43
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2008 0.71
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2009 0.74
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2010 0.78
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2011 0.75
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2012 0.73
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2013 0.77
Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 2014 0.79
Latin America & Caribbean 2008 0.68
Latin America & Caribbean 2009 0.71
Latin America & Caribbean 2010 0.75
Latin America & Caribbean 2011 0.72
Latin America & Caribbean 2012 0.70
Latin America & Caribbean 2013 0.73
Latin America & Caribbean 2014 0.76
Low & middle income 2008 0.95
Low & middle income 2009 1.03
Low & middle income 2010 1.10
Low & middle income 2011 1.12
Low & middle income 2012 1.26
Low & middle income 2013 1.23
Low & middle income 2014 1.38
Late-demographic dividend 2008 1.10
Late-demographic dividend 2009 1.27
Late-demographic dividend 2010 1.32
Late-demographic dividend 2011 1.30
Late-demographic dividend 2012 1.43
Late-demographic dividend 2013 1.48
Late-demographic dividend 2014 1.54
Lithuania 2008 0.79
Lithuania 2009 0.83
Lithuania 2010 0.78
Lithuania 2011 0.90
Lithuania 2012 0.89
Lithuania 2013 0.95
Lithuania 2014 1.03
Luxembourg 2008 1.62
Luxembourg 2009 1.68
Luxembourg 2010 1.50
Luxembourg 2011 1.46
Luxembourg 2012 1.27
Luxembourg 2013 1.30
Luxembourg 2014 1.26
Latvia 2008 0.58
Latvia 2009 0.45
Latvia 2010 0.61
Latvia 2011 0.70
Latvia 2012 0.66
Latvia 2013 0.61
Latvia 2014 0.69
Macao SAR, China 2008 0.10
Macao SAR, China 2009 0.05
Macao SAR, China 2010 0.05
Macao SAR, China 2011 0.04
Macao SAR, China 2012 0.05
Macao SAR, China 2013 0.05
Macao SAR, China 2014 0.09
Moldova 2008 0.53
Moldova 2009 0.53
Moldova 2010 0.37
Moldova 2011 0.34
Moldova 2012 0.35
Moldova 2013 0.30
Moldova 2014 0.31
Madagascar 2008 0.13
Madagascar 2009 0.15
Madagascar 2010 0.11
Madagascar 2011 0.11
Madagascar 2012 0.00
Madagascar 2013 0.00
Madagascar 2014 0.02
Mexico 2008 0.47
Mexico 2009 0.52
Mexico 2010 0.53
Mexico 2011 0.51
Mexico 2012 0.49
Mexico 2013 0.50
Mexico 2014 0.53
Middle income 2008 0.95
Middle income 2009 1.03
Middle income 2010 1.11
Middle income 2011 1.12
Middle income 2012 1.26
Middle income 2013 1.23
Middle income 2014 1.38
North Macedonia 2008 0.22
North Macedonia 2009 0.20
North Macedonia 2010 0.22
North Macedonia 2011 0.22
North Macedonia 2012 0.33
North Macedonia 2013 0.44
North Macedonia 2014 0.52
Malta 2008 0.53
Malta 2009 0.52
Malta 2010 0.61
Malta 2011 0.67
Malta 2012 0.83
Malta 2013 0.77
Malta 2014 0.71
Mongolia 2008 0.34
Mongolia 2009 0.30
Mongolia 2010 0.24
Mongolia 2011 0.23
Mongolia 2012 0.24
Mongolia 2013 0.23
Mongolia 2014 0.22
Malaysia 2008 0.79
Malaysia 2009 1.01
Malaysia 2010 1.04
Malaysia 2011 1.03
Malaysia 2012 1.09
Malaysia 2013 0.00
Malaysia 2014 1.26
North America 2008 2.68
North America 2009 2.73
North America 2010 2.65
North America 2011 2.66
North America 2012 2.59
North America 2013 2.61
North America 2014 2.63
Netherlands 2008 1.62
Netherlands 2009 1.67
Netherlands 2010 1.70
Netherlands 2011 1.88
Netherlands 2012 1.92
Netherlands 2013 1.93
Netherlands 2014 1.98
Norway 2008 1.55
Norway 2009 1.72
Norway 2010 1.65
Norway 2011 1.63
Norway 2012 1.62
Norway 2013 1.65
Norway 2014 1.71
OECD members 2008 2.32
OECD members 2009 2.40
OECD members 2010 2.36
OECD members 2011 2.39
OECD members 2012 2.41
OECD members 2013 2.39
OECD members 2014 2.43
Panama 2008 0.19
Panama 2009 0.13
Panama 2010 0.14
Panama 2011 0.17
Panama 2012 0.08
Panama 2013 0.06
Panama 2014 0.14
Poland 2008 0.60
Poland 2009 0.66
Poland 2010 0.72
Poland 2011 0.75
Poland 2012 0.88
Poland 2013 0.87
Poland 2014 0.94
Portugal 2008 1.45
Portugal 2009 1.58
Portugal 2010 1.53
Portugal 2011 1.46
Portugal 2012 1.38
Portugal 2013 1.33
Portugal 2014 1.29
Post-demographic dividend 2008 2.40
Post-demographic dividend 2009 2.47
Post-demographic dividend 2010 2.44
Post-demographic dividend 2011 2.47
Post-demographic dividend 2012 2.49
Post-demographic dividend 2013 2.47
Post-demographic dividend 2014 2.51
Romania 2008 0.55
Romania 2009 0.44
Romania 2010 0.46
Romania 2011 0.50
Romania 2012 0.48
Romania 2013 0.39
Romania 2014 0.38
Russian Federation 2008 1.04
Russian Federation 2009 1.25
Russian Federation 2010 1.13
Russian Federation 2011 1.01
Russian Federation 2012 1.03
Russian Federation 2013 1.03
Russian Federation 2014 1.07
Saudi Arabia 2008 0.05
Saudi Arabia 2009 0.07
Saudi Arabia 2010 0.88
Saudi Arabia 2011 0.90
Saudi Arabia 2012 0.88
Saudi Arabia 2013 0.82
Saudi Arabia 2014 0.00
Singapore 2008 2.60
Singapore 2009 2.14
Singapore 2010 1.98
Singapore 2011 2.12
Singapore 2012 1.96
Singapore 2013 1.97
Singapore 2014 2.14
El Salvador 2008 0.13
El Salvador 2009 0.09
El Salvador 2010 0.08
El Salvador 2011 0.04
El Salvador 2012 0.03
El Salvador 2013 0.06
El Salvador 2014 0.09
Serbia 2008 0.67
Serbia 2009 0.82
Serbia 2010 0.70
Serbia 2011 0.68
Serbia 2012 0.85
Serbia 2013 0.68
Serbia 2014 0.72
Slovak Republic 2008 0.46
Slovak Republic 2009 0.47
Slovak Republic 2010 0.62
Slovak Republic 2011 0.66
Slovak Republic 2012 0.80
Slovak Republic 2013 0.82
Slovak Republic 2014 0.88
Slovenia 2008 1.63
Slovenia 2009 1.82
Slovenia 2010 2.06
Slovenia 2011 2.42
Slovenia 2012 2.57
Slovenia 2013 2.58
Slovenia 2014 2.37
Sweden 2008 3.49
Sweden 2009 3.45
Sweden 2010 3.21
Sweden 2011 3.25
Sweden 2012 3.28
Sweden 2013 3.30
Sweden 2014 3.14
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2008 1.34
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2009 1.40
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2010 1.68
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2011 1.62
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2012 1.88
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2013 1.72
East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 2014 1.95
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2008 0.79
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2009 0.89
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2010 0.86
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2011 0.82
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2012 0.85
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2013 0.84
Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2014 0.86
Thailand 2008 0.20
Thailand 2009 0.23
Thailand 2010 0.00
Thailand 2011 0.36
Thailand 2012 0.00
Thailand 2013 0.44
Thailand 2014 0.48
Tajikistan 2008 0.07
Tajikistan 2009 0.09
Tajikistan 2010 0.09
Tajikistan 2011 0.12
Tajikistan 2012 0.11
Tajikistan 2013 0.12
Tajikistan 2014 0.12
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2008 0.68
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2009 0.72
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2010 0.75
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2011 0.73
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2012 0.70
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2013 0.74
Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 2014 0.77
Trinidad and Tobago 2008 0.03
Trinidad and Tobago 2009 0.06
Trinidad and Tobago 2010 0.05
Trinidad and Tobago 2011 0.04
Trinidad and Tobago 2012 0.04
Trinidad and Tobago 2013 0.06
Trinidad and Tobago 2014 0.08
Tunisia 2008 0.64
Tunisia 2009 0.71
Tunisia 2010 0.69
Tunisia 2011 0.71
Tunisia 2012 0.68
Tunisia 2013 0.67
Tunisia 2014 0.65
Turkey 2008 0.69
Turkey 2009 0.81
Turkey 2010 0.80
Turkey 2011 0.80
Turkey 2012 0.83
Turkey 2013 0.82
Turkey 2014 0.86
Ukraine 2008 0.85
Ukraine 2009 0.86
Ukraine 2010 0.83
Ukraine 2011 0.74
Ukraine 2012 0.75
Ukraine 2013 0.76
Ukraine 2014 0.65
Upper middle income 2008 0.98
Upper middle income 2009 1.13
Upper middle income 2010 1.16
Upper middle income 2011 1.20
Upper middle income 2012 1.28
Upper middle income 2013 1.34
Upper middle income 2014 1.41
Uruguay 2008 0.38
Uruguay 2009 0.41
Uruguay 2010 0.34
Uruguay 2011 0.35
Uruguay 2012 0.33
Uruguay 2013 0.32
Uruguay 2014 0.34
United States 2008 2.77
United States 2009 2.81
United States 2010 2.74
United States 2011 2.77
United States 2012 2.68
United States 2013 2.71
United States 2014 2.72
Uzbekistan 2008 0.19
Uzbekistan 2009 0.20
Uzbekistan 2010 0.20
Uzbekistan 2011 0.19
Uzbekistan 2012 0.20
Uzbekistan 2013 0.20
Uzbekistan 2014 0.16
Venezuela, RB 2008 0.24
Venezuela, RB 2009 0.24
Venezuela, RB 2010 0.19
Venezuela, RB 2011 0.15
Venezuela, RB 2012 0.25
Venezuela, RB 2013 0.32
Venezuela, RB 2014 0.34
World 2008 2.00
World 2009 2.03
World 2010 2.02
World 2011 2.01
World 2012 2.07
World 2013 2.03
World 2014 2.11
South Africa 2008 0.89
South Africa 2009 0.84
South Africa 2010 0.74
South Africa 2011 0.73
South Africa 2012 0.73
South Africa 2013 0.72
South Africa 2014 0.77